Vocabulary+Terms+for+Child+Development+Projects


 * Attachment disorders: **

**__ Imprinting- __**** Inherited tendencies or responses that are displayed by newborn animals hen they encounter new stimuli in their environment. **

**__ Critical period- __**** A time in development when an animal or a human is best able to learn a skill or behavior. **

**__ Stranger anxiety- __**** If a stranger would come around anxiety may be displayed even when the mother is present. If the mother stays nearby the stranger anxiety will pass. **


 * __S____ eparation anxiety- __ Occurs whenever the child is suddenly separated from the mother. **


 * __ Secure attachment- __**** The infants welcome the mother back when she returns free of anger. **


 * __ Avoidant attachment- __**** The infant avoids or ignores the mother when she leaves and returns. **


 * __ Resistant attachment- __**** The infants are not upset when the mother leaves but rejects her or act angrily when she returns. **


 * __ Disorganized attachment- __**** The infants behave inconsistently. They seem confused and act in contradictory ways. **

** Parenting Styles **

** Diana Baumrind ** ** - Major researcher in studying the effects of parenting styles on children’s development. **

** Authoritarian Families ** ** - High demanding parents that have strict rules for their children. Don’t usually give children choices or options. **

** Democratic/ Authoritative Families ** ** - Demanding and responsive parents. Want them to know the consequences for their behavior. **

** Permissive/ Laissez-Faire Families ** ** - Parents give their children a lot of choices and don’t set boundaries. They do not like routines and want their children to feel free. **

** Child Abuse ** ** - Physical, sexual or mental mistreatment of children. **

** Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development - Kathryn Marter and Olivia Miller **

** 1. **** Psychosocial Development - The development of the personality, and the acquisition of social attitudes and skills, from infancy through maturity. **


 * 2. __Ego –__ An exaggerated sense of self- importance **


 * 3. __Trust-__ Reliance on the integrity, ability, or character of another person or thing. **


 * 4. __Autonomy-__ Freedom or independence. **


 * 5. __Confidence-__ Feeling of assurance. **


 * 6. __Independent-__ Not relying on others for support, or care. **


 * 7. __Industry-__ Determination. **


 * 8. __Inferiority-__ Someone lower in rank, status, or accomplishment than another. **

** Classical Conditioning- teaching **

__ Neutral Stimulus- __ a stimulus tool that does not initially elicit any part of the unconditioned response. (salivation of dog)

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)- ﻿﻿ an event that elicits a certain predictable response, typically with out previous training. (food causes salivation with out training)

__ Unconditioned Response (UCR)- __ an organisms automatic (natural) reaction to a stimulus. (dog salivating when it smells meat.)

__ Conditioned Stimulus (CS)- __ a once- neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with a unconditioned stimulus. (bell rings causing salivation)

__ Conditioned Response- __ the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus. (salivation at bell ring)

__ Classical Conditioning __ - helps humans/animals adapt to environment. - avoid danger ie. music in a scary movie

Acquisition --> classically conditioned response occurs gradually --> presenting CS 1/2 second before UCS would yield strongest associations

__ Generalization & Discrimination __ - generalization- occurs when an animal responds to the original CS with out training to the second stimulus ( CS --> circle reacts also with oval) - discrimination- ability to respond differently to different stimuli. ex. sound of dentist drill causes fearful reaction.

Extinction & Spontaneous Recovery - if food is stopped being provided with tuning fork, tuning fork gradually lost effect. --> CR was not completely unlearned --> CR may appear when CS is presented again ^ Spontaneous Recovery

**__Reinforcement__** – Stimulus or event that increases the likelihood that behavior will be repeated
 * Operant Conditioning **
 * __Operant__ – Subject causes a change in the environment.
 * __Operant Conditioning__ – Learning from the consequences of a behavior.
 * __Positive Reinforcement__ – Rewarded after action.
 * __Negative Reinforcement__ – Something unpleasant is taken away.

__ **Reinforcers** __
 * __Primary Reinforcer__ – Satisfies biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sleep.
 * __Secondary Reinforcer__ – Paired with a primary reinforcer and through classical conditioning has acquired value and reinforcement.

__ **Various Schedules of Reinforcement** __ __ Telegraphic speech __ – leaving out words or using them wrong, but still getting the message across.
 * __Continuous Schedule__ – Reinforced every time behavior occurs; behavior usually only occurs if the reinforcement continues.
 * __Partial Scheduling__ – More stable and last a while once behavior is learned; encourages persistence.
 * __Fixed – Ratio Schedul__e – Reinforcement depends on a specified quantity of responses; subjects seem to work hard.
 * __Variable – Ratio Schedule__ – Does not require a set number of responses for each reinforcement; steady, high rate of work.
 * __Fixed – Interval Schedule__ – Rewarded after a certain amount of time, if response is correct; long amounts of inactivity, and short bursts of activity.
 * __Variable – Interval Schedule__ – Time intervals between each reinforcement changes; Slow, steady work pace.
 * Language Acquisition
 * Language Acquisition

__ Babbling __ – repetitive CV patterns

__ Two-word stage __ – “mini-sentences” with simple semantic relations

__ Multiword stage __ – Grammatical or functional structures

=Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development = - Schemas- conceptional frame work that is used to make sense of the world - Assimilation- the process of fitting these experiences into a schema - Accommodation- when you change your schemas to include new events and experiences - Object Permanence- a child's realization that am object exist, even when he or she cannot see or touch it

- Representational Thoughts- the ability for a child to picture something in his or her mind

- Conservation- understanding mass is the same and does not change

- Egocentric- a young child's inability to understand another person's perspective

=Piaget's Stages =

- Sensorimotor - Concrete Operations

- Preoperational - Formal Operations

__Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development __ Libido- a psychosexual energy

Erogenous Areas- pleasure seeking energies that are focused on

Oral Stage- where a baby derives pleasure from oral stimulation through gratifying activities such as tasting and sucking

Anal Stage- during this stage Freud believed that the primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements

Anal Expulsive Personality- if parents are too lenient in potty training the child can develop this kind of personality could develop in which the individual has a messy, wasteful, or destructive personality.

Anal Retentive Personality- if parents are too strict or begin potty training too early the child could have a stringent, orderly, rigid, and obsessive personality

Phallic Stage- within this stage the child will start to realize the difference between males and females. Boys start to see their dads as rivals for their mom’s affections and vice versa for girls

The Oedipus Complex- describes the feelings of wanting to possess the mother and the desire to replace the father

Castration Anxiety- child’s fear of being punished by the father for the feelings of competition with the dad

Electra Complex- describes the same feeling that girls feel with their mothers as the boys feel with their fathers but this is more often referred to as penis envy

Final Stage- individual develops a strong sexual interest in the opposite sex instead of the individuals needs. At this stage the individual should be now well balanced, warm and caring. This stage establishes balances between the various life areas

__** Social Learning **__ ﻿Process of altering behavior by observing and imitation the behavior of others